Retrograde menstruation, while a lesser-discussed topic, affects many women and often intertwines with other significant health concerns. Its potential impact on reproductive health and conditions like endometriosis makes it essential to understand and address. But what exactly is retrograde menstruation, and why does it matter? Let’s dive into the signs and symptoms and why timely intervention is key.
As the name suggests, retrograde menstruation refers to the backward flow of menstrual blood through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity instead of exiting the body through the vagina. Though it is relatively common, it has gained attention due to its association with pelvic pain and conditions like endometriosis, explained Dr Chetna Jain, Director, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cloudnine Group of Hospitals, Sector 14, Gurgaon.
The condition occurs in nearly 90% of menstruating women, Dr Jain said. In most cases, the immune system efficiently clears the backward-flowing blood, preventing complications. However, when this clearance fails, the condition can lead to the implantation of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, triggering inflammatory responses and sometimes leading to conditions like endometriosis.
Signs and symptoms
While retrograde menstruation itself may not cause noticeable symptoms, it contributes to conditions such as endometriosis. Common indicators include:
- Severe pelvic pain during menstruation.
- Pain during ovulation or sexual intercourse.
- Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding.
- Spotting between periods.
- Bloating, nausea, or gastrointestinal distress during menstruation.
- Chronic fatigue linked to menstrual cycles.
Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to preserving fertility. (file/representational)
When to consult a doctor
Dr Jain advises seeking medical attention if:
- Pain during or between periods is severe and debilitating.
- Over-the-counter pain relief is ineffective.
- Menstrual symptoms disrupt daily life or mental well-being.
- Fertility concerns arise after a year of trying to conceive.
- Persistent symptoms like bloating or bowel issues worsen during periods.
The link to endometriosis
Retrograde menstruation is one of the leading theories behind the development of endometriosis, Dr Jain said. While most women experience some degree of retrograde menstruation, only a fraction develop endometriosis, often influenced by:
- A weakened immune system that cannot eliminate the backward-flowing endometrial cells.
- Genetic predisposition to endometriosis.
Endometriosis, in turn, can cause:
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- Adhesions and scarring, potentially blocking fallopian tubes and impairing ovarian function.
- Chronic inflammation creates an environment unfavorable for fertilization and embryo implantation.
Impact on fertility
Women with retrograde menstruation-related endometriosis are at a higher risk of fertility issues. However, Dr Jain emphasises that many women with the condition can conceive naturally or with medical assistance. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to preserving fertility.
Dr Jain concludes, “Recognising the symptoms and seeking expert advice can significantly improve outcomes, empowering women to take charge of their reproductive health.”
DISCLAIMER: This article is based on information from the public domain and/or the experts we spoke to. Always consult your health practitioner before starting any routine.
